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Round 2 PQC Additional Signatures: Multivariate and MPC-in-the-Head To The Fore

5 min readOct 24, 2024

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And, so, Dilithium, FALCON and SPHINCS+ have become NIST standards for digital signatures, and with an aim to remove RSA, ECDSA and EdDSA. But, NIST wants alternatives to these, especially so that we are not too dependent on lattice-based approaches (such as with Dilithium and FALCON). In Round 1, these were here:

  • Multivariate Signatures (10): 3WISE, DME-Sign, HPPC (Hidden Product of Polynomial Composition), MAYO, PROV (PRovable unbalanced Oil and Vinegar), QR-UOV, SNOVA, TUOV (Triangular Unbalanced Oil and Vinegar), UOV (Unbalanced Oil and Vinegar), and VOX.
  • MPC-in-the-Head Signatures (7): Biscuit, MIRA, MiRitH (MinRank in the Head), MQOM (MQ on my Mind), PERK, RYDE, and SDitH (Syndrome Decoding in the Head).
  • Lattice-based Signatures (6): EagleSign, EHTv3 and EHTv4, HAETAE, HAWK, HuFu (Hash-and-Sign Signatures From Powerful Gadgets), and SQUIRRELS ( Square Unstructured Integer Euclidean Lattice Signature).
  • Code-based Signatures (5): CROSS (Codes and Restricted Objects Signature), Enhanced pqsigRM, FuLeeca, LESS (Linear Equivalence), MEDS (Matrix Equivalence Digital Signature).
  • Symmetric-based Signatures (4): AIMer, Ascon-Sign, FAEST, and SPHINCS-alpha.
  • Other Signatures (4): ALTEQ…

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Prof Bill Buchanan OBE FRSE
Prof Bill Buchanan OBE FRSE

Written by Prof Bill Buchanan OBE FRSE

Professor of Cryptography. Serial innovator. Believer in fairness, justice & freedom. Based in Edinburgh. Old World Breaker. New World Creator. Building trust.