We release too much of our information to others. Every time we enter our password into a system, we are revealing it for others to see. So, why can’t we just prove some knowledge of our secrets, in order that we know our secret? Well, this is the objective of…

Around the turn of the century, I wrote two major books ... The Handbook of The Internet and the Handbook of Data Communications. These were written in the days before the large-scale access to information on the Web, so I used to spend hours reading books, and sourcing them wherever…

So the Internet isn’t the large-scale distributed network that DARPA tried to create, and which could withstand a nuclear strike on any part of it. At its core is a centralised infrastructure of routing devices and of centralised Internet services. The protocols its uses are basically just the ones that…

The Internet was designed for computer traffic. This traffic has the characteristic of requiring to be error-free (and where an error will typically cause a retransmission of data or could corrupt the received data), and not that sensitive to delays. Overall, theInternet we have created has these characteristics, and where…

Well, routers built the Internet, but it was network switches that scaled it. So, before we start, let’s get our terms correct. The transmission of data over Ethernet is defined at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer), and where we have a data frame. This data frame encapsulates a data packet…

We take our technological world so much for granted, and we seem to forget all of the things that make it work. The protocols that scaled the Internet have been ARP, IP, TCP, and UDP, along with the application layer protocols (HTTP, FTP, TELNET and so on). But the device…

We have built a very successful MSc course, and at its core is the strong understanding of networking, network protocols and network security. Why? Because, these topics are the core foundation of cybersecurity. If you understand how IP and TCP work, and how the application layer protocols operation, you have…